Journal of Tea Science

Research Progress of Albino Tea Plant Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze）

LU Cui, SHEN Chengwen

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 445-451. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.001

Abstract ( 438 )

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Leaf albino is a common phenomenon in the plant kingdom. As a kind of leaf-used plant, the key chemical ingredients in albino tea cultivars such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, catechins, amino acids, flavonoids are significantly changed as compared with normal tea cultivars, which largely affect the growth, stress resistances, production process and taste of tea. Leaf color mutation, as a special mutation, has important application value for tea breeding. It is also useful for our understanding of the photosynthesis system, the regulation mechanism of leaf color and the regulation of leaf development in tea plants. This article reviewed the research progress on the chemical compositions such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, amino acids and the mechanism of the mutation in the albino tea cultivars, which aimed to provide a foundation for further study of the molecular mechanism in albino tea cultivars.

Comparison of Leaf Functional and Photosynthetic Characteristics in Baijiguan Half-sib Teas

CHEN Changsong, WANG Feng, CHEN Yuzhen, SHAN Ruiyang, WANG Xiuping, LIN Zhenghe, ZHONG Qiusheng, CHEN Zhihui, YU Wenquan

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 452-460. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.002

Abstract ( 376 )

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With 25 tea strains as experimental material (14 albino tea strains and 14 green tea strains), the spring shoot biomass, growth stages, leaf functional and photosynthetic characteristics of the leaves were monitored, compares with both between difference new tea strains. The results showed that: comparing with female parents (Baijiguan), the spring shoot biomass were increased by 25.0%-106.25% (except 15 and 24) and the growth stages were advanced (early middle growth was 84%) in 25 new tea strains. The leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA) were significantly higher in albino tea strains than Baijiguan, but the leaf dry matter content (LDMC) had significant decrease, other indicators had no difference. The leaf area (LA) and photosynthetic pigments were significantly increased in green tea strains than in Baijiguan, other indicators were not pronounced. The average of LA and photosynthetic pigments in albino tea strains were significantly below the green tea strains, but the SLA, ratio of chlorophyll a and b (Chla/Chlb) and ratio of carotene and chlorophyll (Car/Chl) were significantly higher than the

The Protective Effects of Tea Polyphenol on Injury of Skin Tissue of Mice Induced by Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate

ZHAO Wenhong, CUI Huixian, SUN Qiannan, CHEN Bingbing

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 461-468. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.003

Abstract ( 401 )

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The objective of the study is to investigate the protective effects of tea polyphenol (TP) on injury of skin tissue of mice induced by linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). Fifty healthy Kunming mice (male) were randomly divided into 5 groups including normal control group (NC), TP control group (TPC), LAS-injury group (LAS, 300 mg·L^-1), TP-intervention group 1 (LAS 300 mg·L^-1, TP 100 mg·L^-1) and TP-intervention group 2 (LAS 300 mg·L^-1,TP 200 mg·L^-1) respectively (n=10). The skins on the back of all mice were shaved and treated with distilled water and different concentrations of LAS and TP for 60 days. The observational indexes included general condition of mice , HE and Masson staining of skin, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), super oxidase dimutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), hydroxyproline (Hyp), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and nitric oxide (NO) in skin and serum. The results showed that administration of TP to LAS-treated mice inhibited the oxidative stress and destruction of collagen fiber of skin induced by LAS. Compared with LAS-injury group, the body weight and skin

Study on the Protective Effect of L-Theanine on the Intestinal in Mice with Immune Stress Induced by ETEC

LIU Zunying, LIU Qiuling, DENG Yanli, CHEN Ling, XIAO Wenjun

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 469-476. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.004

Abstract ( 480 )

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SPF grade Balb/c female mice were used as experimental animals. After adaptive feeding for 3 days, mice were orally pre-treated with different dosages of L-theanine once daily for 30 days before ETEC E44813 intraperitoneal injection. The body weight change in mice was analyzed during the breeding process. Mice were scarified 5 hours after ETEC injection and tissues were collected for analysis. The activities of ileum Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), homogenate Catalase (CAT), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were measured and the pathological changes of intestinal and the levels of serum Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) were examined. This study was

Tea Polysaccharide Increased Doxorubicin Inhibition of Lung Cancer A549 Cells

WEI Nan, ZHU Qiangqiang, CHEN Jiming, LI Tong, LI Yifan, HUANG Yewei, WANG Xuanjun, SHENG Jun

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 477-483. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.005

Abstract ( 422 )

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Lung cancer has high incidence and mortality rates around the world and chemotherapy is widely applied in cancer treatment. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a kind of chemotherapy drug which commonly used in clinical trials. However, the drug has many side effects and may cause a dose-dependent injury in the long term. These side effects include irreversible cardiopulmonary, bone marrow suppression and so on. Moreover, its mufti-drug resistance also restricts it in certain clinical application. The effect of polysaccharides of tea extract combined with doxorubicin on human lung cancer cell line A549 were tested in this study. A549 was first cultured in vitro with different concentrations of DOX. After 24h culture, apotheosis ratio was determined by MTT. The results show that the DOX dose for the best inhibiting effect was 3 mg·L^-1 according to MTT detection. Three doses of DOX were selected to combine tea polysaccharide and suppress A549 cell survival. The combination of 2 mg·L^-1 DOX and 6 mg·L^-1 tea polysaccharide had been demonstrated to have better suppressing efficiency than 3 mg·L^-1 DOX alone. DOX could

Study on the Protective Effect of L-Theanine on the Liver of Mice with Immune Stress Induced by ETEC

LIU Qiuling, GONG Zhihua, CHENG Ling, LIU Zunying, DENG Yanli, CHEN Dong, XIAO Wenjun

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 484-490. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.006

Abstract ( 426 )

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SPF grade Balb/c female mice were used for this experiment. After adaptive feeding for 3 d, the mice were pre-treated orally with different dosages of L-theanine once daily for 30 d. ETEC E44813 intraperitoneal injection was subsequently performed and samples were collected 5h later. The coefficient of liver and spleen, levels of serum alanine aminotranferease (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as well as liver homogenate malondialdehyde (MDA), and activities of liver homogenate superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), pathological changes of liver, expressions of serum γ-Interferon (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) were studied to explore the protective effects of L-theanine on liver of ETEC immune mouse model. Results show that pretreatment with L-theanine significantly reduced the increase of liver and spleen coefficient caused by ETEC infection|lowered the levels of serum ALT|AST and liver homogenate MDA|increased the activities of liver homogenate SOD|CAT|GSH-Px|decreased the expressions of serum IFN-γ|IL-4|and improved pathological injury of liver tissue. Therefore|it can be concluded that L-theanine is able to prevent ETEC-induced hepatic injury through depressing IFN-γ, IL-4 and inflammatory reaction and enhancing hepatocyte antioxidant abilities.

Metabolomic Analysis of Rat Urine after Intragastric Infusion of Pu-erh Theabrownins

LIU Jian, PENG Chunxiu, SHENG Jun, GAO Bin, GONG Jiashun

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 491-499. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.007

Abstract ( 451 )

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The study was aimed to understand the effects of Pu-erh theabrownin (TB) (Mw>50βkDa) on the metabolism of rat urine by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. Rats were divided into four groups including rats receiving a basic diet alone (control group), a basic diet and intragastric infusion of Pu-erh TBs (TB infusion group), a high-lipid diet alone (high lipid group) and high-lipid diet and intragastric infusion of Pu-erh TBs (high lipid-TB infusion group) for 14 d. Urine samples were analyzed by biochemical assays, NMR and orthogonal partial least-square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to identify differential metabolism among these groups. The results showed that considerable differences in metabolite profiles of rat urine were detected between control group and TB infusion group, and between high lipid group and high lipid-TB infusion group. Valine, citric acid, taurine, propionate, α-ketoglutaric acid and β-hydroxybutyrate were identified as metabolic markers of Pu-erh TB. Besides, Pu-erh TB was likely to influence several metabolic pathways in rat, including amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.

Organoleptic Quality Analysis of Fuzhuan Brick Teas in Different Storage Years

LI Shi, SHEN Yin, FU Donghe, LIU Zhonghua, HUANG Jian′an

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 500-504. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.008

Abstract ( 512 )

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：In order to study the aging mechanism of Fuzhuan brick tea, organoleptic evaluation was carried out on 31 samples of the same grade but produced in different years by Yiyang Tea Factory in Hunan Province. The appearance, liquor quality, chromatic aberration were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the old Fuzhuan brick teas were more likely changed to dark brown, gray brown or brown tinged with red. Relatively, the color of Fuzhuan brick teas with short term storage tendered to be green brown or yellow cinnamon. As the extension of storage time, the changes of color of soup were from orange-yellow, orange, red-orange. orange-red to red. The soup of new tea was brighter than the old tea that had been kept for many years. The rough astringency taste was deceased gradually with aging. Fuzhuan brick teas which were produced by coarse raw materials were changed more slowly. This research investigated the quality characteristics and difference between the samples of different storage time. This study also provided some suggestions for Fuzhuan tea’s evaluation.

Cloning and Expression Analysis of Nitrate Transporter NRT1.1 Gene in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis (L.))

YANG Yiyang, HU Yunfei, WAN Qing, LI Ronglin, WANG Feng, RUAN Jianyun

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 505-512. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.009

Abstract ( 542 )

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A full length cDNA sequence of Nitrate transport gene (NRT1.1) was obtained from tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.)) cultivar ‘Longjing 43’ by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR (RACE-PCR). The length of nucleotide sequence of this gene was 1 880 bp, containing a complete open reading frame (1 788 bp) to encode 595 amino acids. The putative protein had an isoelectric point of 8.99 and a calculated molecular weight of 65.9 kD. CsNRT1.1 was highly homologous to the gene NRT1.1 in Vitis vinifera by sequence alignment. Several parameters of these sequences, including sequences composition, physicochemical property, topological structure of transmembrane regions, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, subcellular localization were predicted by bioinformatics tools. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression of CsNRT1.1 in roots and leaves were inhibited after incubation in 1 mol·L^-1 NO₃^- for 5 min. The expressions of CsNRT1.1 in roots were always lower than that of CK within 24 h. Its expressions in leaves were higher than those in roots with its peak

Analysis of Glutathione S-transferase Genes in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) Based on Transcriptome Analysis

ZHANG Yazhen, WEI Kang, WANG Liyuan, CHENG Hao

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 513-522. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.010

Abstract ( 531 )

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Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) belong to a superfamily of multifunctional enzymes and are ubiquitous in plants. Forty nine CsGSTs genes were identified by transcriptome analysis of Zhonghuang 2 and Longjing 43 under control and shading treatment. Nineteen CsGSTs with relatively high expression levels in buds were used for sequence and phylogenetic tree analysis. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to analyze the expression patterns of 8 candidate genes in different leaf positions of Longjing 43. The results showed that CsGSTs were expressed in all tested leaves, but exhibited different expression patterns. CsGST20 showed an increasing expression from a bud with a leaf to the sixth leaf, suggesting a potential role in stress resistance. On the other hand, the expression level of CsGST24 dropped significantly, suggesting that CsGST24 might participate in anthocyanin accumulation in tea plants.

Comparative Study of the Aroma Components of Several Oolong Teas

JI Weibin, LIU Panpan, XU Yongquan, JIANG Yongwen, CHEN Jianxin, YIN Junfeng

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 523-530. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.011

Abstract ( 496 )

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Oolong teas are mainly produced in the south and north of Fujian, Guangdong and Taiwan, and they have unique aroma qualities in different producing districts. The sensory evaluation and HS-SPME/GC-MS were applied to analyze the aroma qualities and aroma components of typical Oolong teas from the four producing districts in this study. The results showed that, the main aroma components include alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, ester, hydrocarbon, phenols and nitrogenous compounds. However, the aroma components of the Oolong teas from different districts showed large differences. Trans-nerolidol (40.96%) and α-farnesene (20.00%) were found as the major aroma components of high-mountain Oolong tea from Taiwan. While trans-nerolidol (46.22%), indole (15.20%) and α-farnesene (23.01%) were found as the major aroma components of fresh scent-flavor Tieguanyin from south of Fujian province. Linalool and its oxidates (11.87%), ionones (5.26%) and 3-hexenyl ester, (z)-hexanoic acid (5.05%) were the major aroma components of Shuixian from north of Fujian province, and trans-nerolidol (31.43%) and indole (35.83%) were found as the major aroma components of Wuye dancong from Guangdong province. The aroma

Purification and Activity Determination of Polysaccharides MTP06 from Maojian Tea

FAN Haitao, LIU Zhuang, ZHANG Zhaokang, CHENG Xiangyi, QIAO Shanyi

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 531-536. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.012

Abstract ( 411 )

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To investigate the structure and activity of polysaccharides (MTP06), the polysaccharides were extracted and purified from Maojian tea. The refined Maojian tea polysaccharides (MP) were obtained after removing proteins. Different column chromatography methods were used for several times to purify the MP and an uniform polysaccharide named MTP06 was obtained. The effects of MTP06 on DPPH radical-scavenging activity, cell viability, engulfment capability and NO production of RAW264.7 macrophages were investigated . The results showed that the free radical scavenging rate of MTP06 to 0.1 mmol·L^-1DPPH solution was 30.85%. The highest viability, engulfment capability and NO production of RAW264.7 macrophages had been stimulated by MTP06 at 500 mg·L^-1. The present results confirmed MTP06 can eliminate DPPH radicals and stimulate cell viabilities.

A Primary Study on Sex Pheromone of Ectropis grisescens

LUO Zongxiu, LI Zhaoqun, CAI Xiaoming, BIAN Lei, CHEN Zongmao

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 537-543. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.013

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Ectropis grisescens Warren is a severe defoliator species in tea garden of China. In this study, the sex pheromone was extracted from abdominal tips of virgin female moths by n-hexane during peak calling period. Analysis of gland extracts by gas chromatography (GC) with electroantennographic detection (EAD) and the components of sex pheromone were identified by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). Finally, the biological activity of synthetic sex pheromone was evaluated by field trapping. The result of GC-EAD revealed two components that elicited responses from male moth antennae. Based on the mass spectrum, two components were identified as (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-octadecatriene and (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-octadecadiene. In field experiment, different attracting effects were identified under different ratio of sex pheromones. Experiment showed the ratio of 4:6 of these synthetic components showed the maximum attractiveness at 1.0 mg when loaded on rubber septum. This investigation provides a theoretical basis for developing sex pheromone application technology againest Ectropis grisescens.

Video Trajectory Analysis on Searching Behavior of Female and Male Adults of Leafhopper on Fresh Tea Leaves and Color Cards

WANG Xueting, HAN Baoyu

Journal of Tea Science. 2016, 36(5): 544-550. doi:10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2016.05.014

Abstract ( 466 )

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The searching behavior of Empoasca onukii for fresh tea leaves and color cards in yellow, white and green was investigated by the video trajectory analysis instrument, which was based on EthoVision XT 11.5 software. The results showed that: (1) it took more time for virgin females to move from the releasing spot to the tested leaf edge. They mostly moved out the experimental leaf, while the copulated females moved from the releasing spot to the tested leaf edge more quickly and spent the most of time on the experimental leaf. (2) The virgin males detected the leaf from the releasing spot quickly, whose trajectory was very long, complicated and mostly on the leaf, and the copulated males slightly slowed down their speed, mostly searched out the leaf. (3) If stimulated, the tested leafhopper would open out the wings and result in the increase of its body area. When surpassed the normal area by 60%, 20% to 60 % and lower than 20%, the leafhopper′s status was called ′mania′, ′activity′ and ′still′ behavior respectively. After copulating, the ′mania′ durations of both female and male significantly lengthened, especially male. (4) Both before and after copulating, the female spent more time on the yellow card than the male; however, on the green card, the male searched for a longer time than the female. (5) After copulating, both emerging frequency and searching time of females slightly rose within yellow card area, but obviously dropped within green card area. Correspondingly, both emerging frequency and searching time of males a little reduced within both yellow and green cards. It was considered that before copulating, males were more intensively taxised to tea leaf than females, but after copulating, the directionality of females to the odor from tea leaf increased but the preference of males for the odor from tea leaf weakened. Moreover, males preferred green slightly and females preferred yellow, and copulation enhanced the preference of females to yellow but reduced that of males to green.

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