茶类农业文化遗产作为农业文明的典型体现,集生态智慧、生产技术和文化象征于一体,是人与自然和谐互动的典范。研究基于文化景观基因理论,构建了面向“生态-生产-生活”三生景观的茶类农业文化遗产地景观特征识别指标体系,并识别其核心文化表达要素,探索景观结构与文化基因之间的内在关联。安化黑茶文化系统兼具“万里茶道”重要节点属性与边销茶历史职能,是中国茶类农业文化遗产中生态-文化复合性最突出的代表性区域之一。通过田野调查和历史分析,系统地提取了安化黑茶文化的主要景观特征,并解码了4个核心文化基因。研究结果表明：（1）三生景观框架适用于茶类农业文化遗产的系统识别,其生态基底、生产技术、生活仪式的深度耦合,是维持文化基因稳定性的结构基础;历史根植性、功能必要性、空间标识性、动态演化性的四维判定标准可为同类茶文化遗产基因提取提供方法论工具。（2）安化黑茶“林茶共生,信仰传承”的梅山文化基因、“火焙习俗,篾篓工艺”的渔猎文化基因、“万里茶道,诚信为尚”的晋商文化基因及“边疆融合,团结纽带”的边销文化基因揭示了茶从山地作物到边疆纽带再到文明媒介的跃迁,为“人地关系”研究提供了动态模型。（3）研究强调了文化基因在保持景观特征和连续性方面的作用,可推动茶文化从“遗产保护”向“文明互鉴资源”跃升,为全球农业文化遗产可持续发展贡献中国范式。
Abstract
As a representative manifestation of agricultural civilization, tea agricultural cultural heritage integrates ecological wisdom, production techniques and cultural symbolism, serving as a model for harmonious human-environment interaction. This study, grounded in the theory of cultural landscape genes, developed an index system to identify the landscape features of tea agricultural heritage sites within the “ecology-production-living” (EPL) landscape framework. It identified the core cultural expression elements and explored the intrinsic connections between landscape structure and cultural genes. Anhua dark tea culture, significant as a key node of the Wanli Tea Road and in frontier tea trade, exemplifies ecological and cultural complexity within China’s tea agricultural heritage. Through field surveys and historical analysis, the primary landscape features of Anhua dark tea culture were systematically identified and four core cultural genes were decoded. The findings are as follows: (1) The EPL landscape framework was effective for the systematic identification of tea agricultural cultural heritage, with the deep integration of ecological foundations, production technologies and life rituals, which provides the structural basis for maintaining the stability of cultural genes. The four-dimensional criteria (historical rootedness, functional necessity, spatial identity and dynamic evolution) offer a methodological tool for extracting genes from similar tea culture heritage. (2)The Meishan cultural gene of “Tea-Forest Symbiosis and Faith Transmission”, the fishing-hunting cultural gene of “Fire Roasting Customs and Bamboo Basket Craftsmanship”, the Jin merchant cultural gene of “Wanli Tea Road and Integrity as the Highest Virtue”, and the border-sale cultural gene of “Frontier Integration and the Bond of Unity” reveal the transition of tea from a mountain crop to a frontier link and, ultimately, a medium for civilization, offering a dynamic model for the study of “human-environment relations”. (3) The study highlighted the role of cultural genes in preserving landscape features and continuity, facilitating the transformation of tea culture from “heritage preservation” to “civilizational exchange resources”, thus contributing the Chinese paradigm to the sustainable development of global agricultural cultural heritage.
关键词
茶文化系统 /
农业文化遗产 /
三生景观 /
文化景观基因 /
遗产保护
Key words
agricultural cultural heritage /
cultural landscape genes /
EPL landscape /
heritage preservation /
tea cultural system
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基金
湖南省哲学社会科学基金项目（24YBA113）; 湖南省教育厅科学研究优秀青年项目（24B1190、23B1124）; 联合国教科文组织HIST长沙工作站课题（25CSWZD01）; 教育部人文社科青年项目（24YJC850001）; 长沙师范学院教学改革项目（JG2023026）
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