Welcome to Journal of Tea Science,Today is

Progress on Purine Alkaloids Metabolismin Tea and Other Plants

  • ZHOU Chen-yang ,
  • JIN Ji-qiang ,
  • YAO Ming-zhe ,
  • CHEN Liang
Expand
  • National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China

Received date: 2010-12-27

  Revised date: 2011-01-17

  Online published: 2019-09-06

Abstract

Purine alkaloids (e.g. caffeine) can be found in many plants. As excessive intake of caffeine could have side effects on human health, it would be of great significance to obtain a low caffeine level cultivar by regulating metabolism of purine alkaloids. The present paper summarized the distribution, biosynthesis and catabolism (including main and minor pathways) of purine alkaloids, then enzymes and cloning of related genes involved in metabolism of purine alkaloids in tea and other plants. Finally, the exiting problems and possible ways of breeding low caffeine tea cultivars are discussed.

Cite this article

ZHOU Chen-yang , JIN Ji-qiang , YAO Ming-zhe , CHEN Liang . Progress on Purine Alkaloids Metabolismin Tea and Other Plants[J]. Journal of Tea Science, 2011 , 31(2) : 87 -94 . DOI: 10.13305/j.cnki.jts.2011.02.002

References

[1] Facchin PJ.Alkaloid biosynthesis in plants: biochemistry, cell biology, molecular regulation, and metabolic engineering applications[J]. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol, 2001, 52: 29-66.
[2] Anaya AL, Cruz-Ortega R, Waller GR.Metabolism and ecology of purine alkaloids[J]. Front Biosci, 2006, 11: 2354-2370.
[3] Ashihara H.Metabolism of alkaloids in coffee plants[J]. Braz J Plant Physiol, 2006, 18(1): 1-8.
[4] Ashihara H, Crozier A Biosynthesis and metabolism of caffeine and related purine alkaloids in plants[J]. Adv Bot Res, 1999, 30: 118-205.
[5] Senanayake UM, Wijesekera OB.Theobromine and caffeine content of the cocoa bean during its growth[J]. J Sci Food Agric, 1971, 22(5): 262-263.
[6] Zheng XQ, Koyama Y, Nagai C, et al. Biosynthesis, accumulation and degradation of theobromine in developing Theobroma cacao fruits[J]. J Plant Physiol, 2004, 161(4): 363-369.
[7] Ashihara H, Kato M, Ye C-X.Biosynthesis and metabolism of purine alkaloids in leaves of Cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla)[J]. J Plant Re, 1998, 111(4): 599-604.
[8] 叶创兴, 林永成, 苏建业, 等. 苦茶的嘌呤生物碱[J]. 中山大学学报:自然科学版, 1999, 38(5): 82-86.
[9] Nagata T, Sakai S.Differences in caffeine, flavanols and amino acids contents in leaves of cultivated species of Camellia[J]. Jpn J Breed, 1986, 34(4): 459-467.
[10] Fujimori N, Ashihara H.Adenine metabolism and the synthesis of purine alkaloids in flowers of Camellia[J]. Phytochemistry, 1990, 29(11): 3513-3516.
[11] Ashihara H, Kubota H.Patterns of adenine metabolism and caffeine biosynthesis in different parts of tea seedlings[J]. Physiol Plantarum, 1986, 68(2): 275-281.
[12] Mazzafera P, Carvalho A.Breeding for low seed caffeine content of coffee (Coffea L.) by interspecific hybridization[J]. Euphytica, 1992, 59(1): 55-60.
[13] Zheng XQ, Ashihara H.Distribution, biosynthesis and function of purine and pyridine alkaloids in Coffea arabica seedlings[J]. Plant Sci, 2004, 166(3): 807-813.
[14] Mazzafera P.Caffeine, theobromine and theophylline distribution in Ilex paraguariensis[J]. Braz J Plant Physiol, 1994, 6: 149-151.
[15] Athayde ML, Coelho GC, Schenkel EP.Caffeine and theobromine in epicuticular wax of Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil[J]. Phytochemistry, 2000, 55(7): 853-857.
[16] Baumann TW, Schulthess BH, Hänni K.Guaraná (Paullinia cupana) rewards seed dispersers without intoxicating them by caffeine[J]. Phytochemistry, 1995, 39(5): 1063-1070.
[17] Meurer-Grimes B, Berkov A, Beck H.Theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine in 42 samples and products of guaraná (Paullinia Cupana, Sapindaceae)[J]. Econ Bot, 1998, 52(3): 293-301.
[18] Weckerle CS, Stutz MA, Baumann TW.Purine alkaloids in Paullinia[J]. Phytochemistry, 2003, 64(3): 735-742.
[19] Kretschmar JA, Baumann TW.Caffeine in Citrus flowers[J]. Phytochemistry, 1999, 52(1): 19-23.
[20] Ashihara H, Crozier A.Caffeine: a well known but little mentioned compound in plant science[J]. Trends Plant Sci, 2001, 6(9): 407-413.
[21] 张宏达, 叶创兴, 张润梅, 等. 中国发现新的茶叶资源——可可茶[J]. 中山大学学报: 自然科学版, 1988(3): 131-133.
[22] Nagata T, Sakai S.Purine base pattern of Camellia irrawadiensis[J]. Phytochemistry, 1985, 24(10): 2271-2272.
[23] Fujimori N, Ashihara H.Biosynthesis of theobromine and caffeine in developing leaves of Coffea arabica[J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 36(6): 1359-1361.
[24] Rakotomalala JJ, Cros E, Clifford MN, et al. Caffeine and theobromine in green beans from Mascarocoffea[J]. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31(4): 1271-1272.
[25] Koyama Y, Tomoda Y, Kato M, et al. Metabolism of purine bases, nucleosides and alkaloids in theobromine-forming Theobroma cacao leaves[J]. Plant Physiol Biochem, 2003, 41(11/12): 977-984.
[26] Petermann JB, Baumann TW.Metabolic relations between methylxanthines and methyluric acids in Coffea L.[J]. Plant Physiol, 1983, 73(4): 961-964.
[27] Hammerstone Jr JF, Romanczyk Jr LJ, Aitkent WM.Purine alkaloid distribution with Herrania and Theorbroma[J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 35(5): 1237-1240.
[28] Baumann TW, Wanner H.The 1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid content of cupu (Theobroma grandiflorum)[J]. Acta Amazon, 1980, 10: 425.
[29] Ashihara H.Purine metabolism and the biosynthesis of caffeine in maté leaves[J]. Phytochemistry, 1993, 33(6): 1427-1430.
[30] Ashihara H, Suzuki T.Distribution and biosynthesis of caffeine in plants[J]. Front Biosci, 2004, 9: 1864-1876.
[31] Suzuki T, Ashihara H, Waller GR.Purine and purine alkaloid metabolism in Camellia and Coffea plants[J]. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31(8): 2575-2584.
[32] Ashihara H, Monteiro AM, Gillies FM, et al. Biosynthesis of caffeine in leaves of coffee[J]. Plant Physiol, 1996, 111(3): 747-753.
[33] Kato M, Kanehara T, Shimizu H, et al. Caffeine biosynthesis in young leaves of Camellia sinensis: in vitro studies on N-methyltransferase activity involved in the conversion of xanthosine to caffeine[J]. Physiol Plantarum, 1996, 98(3): 629-636.
[34] Uefuji H, Ogita S, Yamaguchi Y, et al. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of three distinct N-methyltransferases involved in the caffeine biosynthetic pathway in coffee plants[J]. Plant Physiol, 2003, 132(1): 372-380.
[35] 宛晓春. 茶叶生物化学: 第三版[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2003: 80.
[36] Koshiishi C, Kato A, Yama S, et al. A new caffeine biosynthetic pathway in tea leaves: utilisation of adenosine released from the S-adenosyl-methionine cycle[J]. FEBS Lett, 2001, 499(1/2): 50-54.
[37] Ashihara H, Gillies FM, Crozier A.Metabolism of caffeine and related purine alkaloids in leaves of tea (Camellia sinensis L.)[J]. Plant Cell Physiol, 1997, 38(4): 413-419.
[38] Zheng XQ, Ye CX, Kato M, et al. Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) synthesis in leaves of a Chinese tea, kucha (Camellia assamica var. kucha)[J]. Phytochemistry, 2002, 60(2): 129-134.
[39] Negishi O, Ozawa T, Imagawa H.Methylation of xanthosine by tea-leaf extracts and caffeine biosynthesis[J]. Agric Biol Chem, 1985, 49(3): 887-890.
[40] Moisyadi S, Neupane KR, Stiles JI.Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding xanthosine-N7-methyltransferase from coffee (Coffea arabica[J]. Acta Hortic, 1998, 461: 367-378.
[41] Mizuno K, Kato M, Irino F, et al. The first committed step reaction of caffeine biosynthesis: 7-methylxanthosine synthase is closely homologous to caffeine synthases in coffee (Coffea arabica L.)[J]. FEBS Lett, 2003, 547(1/3): 56-60.
[42] Negish O, Ozawa T, Imagawa H.N-methylnucleosidase from tea leaves[J]. Agric Biol Chem, 1988, 52(1): 169-175.
[43] Suzuki T, Takahashi E.Biosynthesis of caffeine by tea-leaf extracts. Enzymic formation of theobromine from 7-methylxanthine and of caffeine from theobromine[J]. Biochem J, 1975, 146(1): 87-96.
[44] Kato M, Mizuno K, Fujimura T, et al. Purification and characterization of caffeine synthase from tea leaves[J]. Plant Physiol, 1999, 120(2): 579-586.
[45] Kato M, Mizuno K, Crozie A, et al. Caffeine synthase gene from tea leaves[J]. Nature, 2000, 406(6799): 956-957.
[46] Mizuno K, Tanaka H, Kato M, et al. cDNA cloning of caffeine (theobromine) synthase from coffee (Coffea arabica L.)[C]//Association Scientifique Internationale du Café. International Scientific Colloquium on Coffee. Paris:Association Scientifique Internationale du Café, 2001: 815-818.
[47] Ogawa M, Herai Y, Koizumi N, et al. 7-Methylxanthine methyltransferase of coffee plants[J]. J Biol Chem, 2001, 276(11): 8213-8218.
[48] McCarthy AA, Biget L, Lin C, et al. Cloning, expression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the XMT and DXMT N-methyltransferases from Coffea canephora (robusta)[J]. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun, 2007, 63: 304-307.
[49] Mizuno K, Okuda A, Kato M, et al. Isolation of a new dual-functional caffeine synthase gene encoding an enzyme for the conversion of 7-methylxanthine to caffeine from coffee (Coffea arabica L.)[J]. FEBS Lett, 2003, 534(1/3): 75-81.
[50] 冯艳飞, 梁月荣. 茶树S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因的克隆和序列分析[J]. 茶叶科学, 2001, 21(1): 21-25.
[51] Keya CA, Crozier A, Ashihara H.Inhibition of caffeine biosynthesis in tea (Camellia sinensis) and coffee (Coffea arabica) plants by ribavirin[J]. FEBS Lett, 2003, 554(3): 473-477.
[52] 李叶云, 芦原坦. 茶树咖啡碱生物合成相关酶基因表达研究[J]. 中国茶叶, 2009, 31(6): 20-21.
[53] Yoneyama N, Morimoto H, Ye CX, et al. Substrate specificity of N-methyltransferase involved in purine alkaloids synthesis is dependent upon one amino acid residue of the enzyme[J]. Mol Genet Genomics, 2006, 275(2): 125-135.
[54] Bailey BA, Bae H, Strem MD, et al. Developmental expression of stress response genes in Theobroma cacao leaves and their response to Nep1 treatment and a compatible infection by Phytophthora megakarya[J]. Plant Physiol Biochem, 2005, 43(6): 611-622.
[55] Ashihara H, Monteiro AM, Moritz T, et al. Catabolism of caffeine and related purine alkaloids in leaves of Coffea arabica L.[J]. Planta, 1996, 198(3): 334-339.
[56] Mazzafera P.Catabolism of caffeine in plants and microorganisms[J]. Front Biosci, 2004, 9: 1348-1359.
[57] 余有本. 茶树中咖啡碱合成酶基因的抑制及在其它生物体中的表达[D]. 安徽: 安徽农业大学, 2004: 79.
[58] 张广辉, 梁月荣, 陆建良, 等. 茶树咖啡因合成酶基因RNA干涉表达载体构建[J]. 茶叶科学, 2006, 26(4): 243-248.
Outlines

/